DH 교육용 위키 - 사용자 기여 [ko]

김득연 편지 번역

2016-07-25T18:09:40Z

Hwmonica: /* Student 9 */

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==='''Student 1'''===

金得硏書翰 (한국학중앙연구원 장서각 편,『명가의 고문서』7)

A letter from Kim Tŭkyŏn

I received this letter with prostration and extreme gratitude. You humbled yourself to check my well-being. I came to know that your body is fully well and the extremity of my gratitude and appreciation does not allow me to calm down my emotions. Furthermore, you gave me with sincerity your generous guidance and at the same time you bestowed me the precious treasure from the sea. I hold it up and bowing, I do not know how to describe my gratitude. Me, with white hair and in the end of my path, by chance I received the post of chikmun[4], fortunately I still have a chance. However, I stopped reading classical books, my spirit and my perception are old and hazy. Although sometimes I open the book and read, I close the book and I forget. Again, is there any hope that it would change? Looking back, I have nothing to see, nothing is as good as just sitting quietly but I cannot avoid my habit of getting entangled [with things]. Again I made up this plan to raise myself by force. I am the one who does not know his own capacity. Laughable. Your son is travelling around for long and has not seen any gain of accomplishments. Perhaps he is getting benevolence[5] when travelling. Every time I receive such a sincere order from you, I am so worried and do not know what to do. I come and go without any point and it has been only within one month. It only depends on your daughter’s proceeding [with a matter]. The grace of the bow, I feel now great appreciation. [However,] the use of the excellent armour[6] does not fit to the old scholar, so I feel extremely sorry. I wish you my added blessing for the coming in the cold weather, take care of yourself.

[4] 直門
[5] 輔仁
[6] 八札

==='''Student 2'''===

When I was missing you, I threw myself on the floor to bow as I received your letter in which you humbled yourself. Knowing fully that you are safe and sound, because of the greatness of my gratitude and appreciation, I cannot compose myself. Furthermore, you gave me your generous teachings diligently/with sincerity, and concurrently you bestowed me delicacies from the sea (aka seafood), I received them with respect and bow, and do not know how to describe it). I, Yeon, my hair gray at the end of my life's path, I stumbled upon an official post, a fortune I had. However, I stopped reading classics, and my spirit and mind are old and blurry. Although per chance I open the book and read, I close the book and forget right away – again, what can I hope for? Looking back there is nothing to show, I might as well sit still. I could not avoid getting the old habit of involved in things, and I conceived this plan of raising myself up by force, I am so called one who does not know his own capacity, LOL (laughable). Your son’s long time of going around about, having not seen the benefit/gain of accomplishment, truly being lost in his directions from his helping out his friends. Also, every time I receive your sincere request of this degree, I sincerely am afraid that I cannot carry it out. My coming and going in vain is only within a span of one month. I only wait for your daughter to make a decision. I feel a great appreciation for the graciousness of the bow, The use of excellent armor is not appropriate for an old scholar. On the contrary I am extremely sorry. My added blessing before you for the coming cold weather. Take care of yourself for the country. I bow to before your care. I humbly bow to you and raise/send a letter of appreciation to you. Keeping it short.

==='''Student 3'''===

I read your letter in admiration. I get to know well that your honorable body’s being healthy and fine. The gratitude of my relief does not allow me calm down my emotion. Nonetheless, I am receiving your generous and sincere teachings in all my sincerity. At the same time, you bestowed me fish. I humbly bow to you. I don’t know how to describe my gratitude. At the end of my life, by chance I stumbled upon the straight post, so I am still fortunate. However, I stop reading. My spirit, my perception, my mind are old. Although I opened the book and read it before, if I close the book, what could I hope for again? Looking back, I have nothing good to show up. I sat quietly. I could’t avoid my old habits by getting involved with things. I made up this plan to raise up myself by force. So called, I have become the person who doesn’t know their capacity in themselves. (LOL)
Your son has been traveling around for a long time. He has no gain of accomplishment. In fact, he has been hanging out with his friends, then he lost his direction. In addition, every time I receive your sincere order, I have been afraid that I could not practice it. I have been at lost in vain. Uselessly, I have been coming and going, but it takes only a month. Hope your daugther’s decision to proceed to do. I have the graciousness of the above, so I really feel great appreciation. The use of eight layer armor does not fit to old scholar. Where should I go in that? I’m extremely sorry.
It’s getting cold. I bless the rest for you. Take care of yourself for the coutry. I bow to you with caring of yourself. Moreover, I’m humbly bowing to you with my letter of appreciation. I’ll make it short.

==='''Student 4'''===

金得硏書翰 (한국학중앙연구원 장서각 편,『명가의 고문서』7)
Letter of Kim Deuk-yeon

懸慕中, 伏복承辱問, 備審令體冲福, 感慰之至, 無任下懷。
In admiration and missing you, I received your letter humbly in prostration, providing this attention makes my body soaring in happiness*, the extremity of my gratitude and appreciation does not allow me to put down this emotion.

*Really not sure for the translation of: 備審令體冲福.

況蒙厚諭勤懇, 兼貺황海珍, 欽奉且拜,罔知爲喩。
Furthermore, I am receiving your generous advice with respect and my sincerity, at the times you are offering me this precious fish, I receive it and bow, I don’t know how to describe it.

硏, 白首末路, 偶得直門, 幸則有矣。
I, old and going to my path, by chance I have my function. Fortune, I still get.

但廢讀經書, 神精老瞶, 雖或披閱, 掩卷輒忘, 更復何望。
However, I stop reading classics, my spirit and my mind are old and hazy. Even though sometimes I open it and read, when I cover the book I forget immediately, what could I hope for again?

自顧無狀, 莫如坐停, 而未免舊習纏繞전요, 爲此强起之計, 所謂不知量者矣, 可笑。
Looking back I don’t have nothing to show, is not as good as just sat quietly. I could not avoid my old habit of getting involve with things, now I make this plan of rising myself by force. So called person who doesn’t know his own capacity, it’s laughable.

令胤遠遊之久, 未見成就之益, 實坐輔仁迷方, 而每承勤命至此, 徒切愧懼。
Your son travel around for a long time, he hasn’t see gain of accomplishment, maybe he has too much fun outside with his friends* and he lost himself. Every time receiving such sincere request to these degree, I go in a point of felling shame and worried.

*Here we take “輔仁” as “with friends” by circumlocution. We think the author use this expression‎ referencing the Analects. See Lunyu XII.24.

硏之虛往空還, 只在一月之間, 惟竢令愛進退之而已。
I, going and coming in vain, only on a matter of month, only depends on your daughter’s advance and retreat.

烏號之惠, 尤覺感佩, 八札之用, 不合老儒, 反極未安。
The grassiness of a bow, I fell really appreciate, the use of eight layer armor, but not fitting to an old scholar, so on the contrary I am extremely sorry.

餘祝向寒, 爲國保重。
I wish you blessing for the coming winter, take care of yourself for the country.

伏惟令照, 謹拜上謝狀, 不宣。
I’m beg to take care of yourself, I prostrate humbly and raise this thank letter. Not loudly.

==='''Student 5'''===
Letter from Kim Duk-yon[1]

Bowing down, I receive this letter with admiration and extreme gratitude. Now I know that you are in good health and in safe and I can’t calm down my joyous emotions. I am receiving your generous guidance sincerely, and the precious treasure form the sea. I take offered gifts with a deep bow and remain silent.
At the end of my path, with white hair, I have the happiness of studied pupils. I stopped reading classics, my mind became old and hazy. Sometimes I open a book and read, but soon after I close it, I forget what I was reading. There is no hope for me. I am just sitting here, and if I look back, I have nothing to see. And now, I have to come back to my old habits and to force my self again doing things, overcoming my capabilities. It is so ridiculous!
Your son’s long traveling did not bring any results and he lost in his friendships. Every time I accepted your request, I only wasted my time. One month going and coming back in vain. This time everything depends on your daughter.
I receive the bow with gratitude, but the eight-layered armor[2] does not fit to one old scholar. I am sorry.
Вe blessed in the coming winter and protect yourself in the name of the country. I am sending you my letter of appreciation, humbly lowing down.
I will stop here.

1 Letter from Kim Duk-yon, Academy of Korean Studies, Jangseogak Archive, Documents of distinguished scholars 7 (金得硏書翰|김득연 서한 (한국학중앙연구원 장서각 편, 명가의 고문서 7).

2 According to Chinese legend, seven-layer armor was once pierced by an excellent shooter. Since than, eight-layer armor became a symbol of invincibility.

==='''Student 6'''===

In admiration I receive respectively and humbly your massage, asking you sending regards to me. I know fully that you are fully well. The extremity of my gratitude and appreciation does not allow me to put down this emotion.
Furthermore you gave me your generous explanation with all sincerity, I received it and the seafood holding it up and paying all my politeness not knowing the proper description of it.
I at the end of my pass was happy to receive a jikwi [title] (maybe a private student), I am happy to have it.
However I stopped reading the Confucian canon as my mind is old and I do not see well. When I open the book to read it and then close it, I don’t remember the content, so I am hopeless.
Looking back I don't have nothing to show. It is not as good as just sit quietly , I could not avoid my old habit to be involved with things. I make up this plan to raise my self by force. I have become the person who does not know the amount of himself . It is laughable。
Your son travels a lot, he does not see any gain of accomplishment . He's just hanging with his friends and his benevolence have lost his way . Every time when I receive your request I just so worried and at lost in vane.
I was going and coming back. It would take only a month. AndIt only depends on your daughter proceed and retreat.
The bow (wūháo bow) is good, but the 8 layer armor does not go with the old scholar, and I’m sorry for [saying] it.
The gratitude (your grace) of bow, I feel this gratitude even more, the use of 8 layer armor (inpenetrable) is does not do together with this old scholar. Although I’m extremely sorry.
The winter is coming. I'm begging you to take care of yourself for the country.
I am sending my letter of appreciation to you bowing respectively.
I should stop here [though I have many other things to say].

==='''Student 7'''===

I received this letter in admiration as I remembered you, in prostration as you humble yourself to check my well-being. I came to know that your body is safe and sound and the greatness of my relief doesn’t allow me to calm down my emotions. Furthermore, I am receiving with sincerity your generous teachings. At the same time you bestowed me some precious treasures from the sea(1), I receive those and bow, not knowing what to say. As for me, white headed and at the end of my path, I by chance stumbled upon a small government post; fortune, i still get. However, I stopped reading classical books, my spirit and mind are old and hazy. Although at times I open a book and read, when I close it I forget right away. Again, what can I hope for? Looking back, I don’t have anything to show, I might as well sit still. But I could not avoid my old habit of getting involved in things, and I conceived this plan to raise myself up by force. I have become one of those who don’t know the amount of themselves. This is laughable. Your son has travelled around a long time, he hasn’t seen any accomplishment, [maybe] he has been having fun with his friends and got lost. Each time I receive your sincere request, I worry and am shameful. My coming and going in vain takes only about a month, it depends on your daughter’s proceed or retreat. I feel a great appreciation for the graciousness of the bow; the eight-layered(2) armor does not fit an old scholar, so on the contrary I am extremely sorry. I wish you blessing for the coming winter; for the country, take care of yourself. I bow to you, raising this letter of appreciation. I shall make this short.

(1) the author of the letter, Kim Dukyeon, is here referring to fish.
(2) excellent armor

==='''Student 8'''===

I admire and I miss you, bowing to you, I humbly received your letter and my body lifts up in happiness and my gratitude to you and appreciation doesnt allow my to stop feeling this way. Moreover, I recieved your generous teaching humbly and with respect. Also you bestowed me a fish and I humbly bow to you. I still receive good fortune, however I stopped reading classics. My spirit, my sight and my mind are old. Even though sometimes I open and read it, I forget it immediately, so what I can I still hope for? Looking at it now, I have nothing to show and I might as well just sit still. I can't avoid my old habit of getting involved into things and I raise myself by force and I am one of those who doesnt know their own capacity, how funny! Your son is just playing around with no accomplishments, lost in directions, while helping out his friends. As I received your sincere request, I am afraid I can not carry it out. My coming back and forth in vain lays only within one month. I only wait for your daughter to make a decision. I am very grateful for receiving a bow, but a scholar does not use an armor. I am extremely sorry though. I add my blessings for you in this cold weather. Think about the country and keep your health for it. I humbly bow to you and I send my letter in appreciation. That is all I have to say.

==='''Student 9'''===

When I was missing you, I threw myself on the floor to bow as I received your letter in which you humbled yourself. Knowing fully that you are safe and sound, because of the greatness of my gratitude and appreciation, I cannot compose myself. Furthermore, you gave me your generous teachings diligently/with sincerity, and concurrently you bestowed me delicacies from the sea (a.k.a seafood), I received them with respect and bow, and cannot find a proper comparison. I, Yeon, my hair gray at the end of my (life) path, I stumbled upon an official post, a fortune I had. However, I stopped reading classics, and my spirit and mind are old and blurry. Although per chance I open the book and read, I close the book and forget right away – again, what can I hope for? Looking back there is nothing to show, I might as well sit still. I could not avoid getting the old habit of involved in things, and I conceived this plan of raising myself up by force, I am so called one who does not know his own capacity, LOL. Your honorable son’s long time of going around about, having not seen the benefit, truly being lost in his direction from his helping out his friends. Also, every time I receive your sincere request of this degree, I sincerely am afraid that I cannot carry it out. My coming and going in vain is only within a span of one month. I only wait for your daughter to make a decision. I feel a great appreciation for the graciousness of the bow, the use of excellent armor is not appropriate for an old scholar. On the contrary I am extremely sorry. My added blessing before you for the coming cold weather. Take care of yourself for the country. I bow to before your care. I humbly bow to you and send a letter of appreciation to you. Keeping it short.

==='''Student 10'''===

==='''Student 11'''===

==='''Student 12'''===

박세당 편지 번역

2016-07-25T18:06:15Z

Hwmonica: /* Student 12 */

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=='''Letter to his son by Pak Se-dang 朴世堂 (寄子泰輔)'''==

==='''Student 1'''===

To my son Tae-bo[1]

Your last letter was a relief for me, but now I am writing you in hard mood. The food is not enough and I am not sure that I could find something to eat for tomorrow. I plucked some still non-ripe cherries and sent it to the market, but I don’t know how much rice could get for it.
Uh! Yesterday it was earthquake I have never seen before. I heard traveler saying that in the city the fortress and many houses are destroyed, indeed.
Poor taegan Yun (尹大諫|윤대간)[2]! All his life he suffered hardship and I can’t hold my sigh. Real disaster! Nobody thought that it could happen, so everyone was just greedy for the pleasures in front of their eyes. If this is the will of Heaven, what can we do? We can’t know where will be the end of all this!

1 This letter is from Pak Se-dan to his son Pak Tae-bo: Compilation of Sogye Pak Se-dan works, volume 17 (西溪先生集, 卷17).

2 Taegan is probably a title, but it is not clear who is the mentioned person.

==='''Student 2'''===

Your letter calmed me. I'm doing fine. But I have a lack of food, and I'm not sure if I will have some for tomorrow.
I picked about a du of half green cherry and send it to the market, but I do n't know how much sung of rice I can get for it.
Sigh.
There was an earthquake yesterday, I have never seen it before.
I heard one traveler said that in the castle-city the fences fell down and the houses were ruined, can it be true?
Speaking about the case of taegan Yun, he suffered all his life, so I can’t help sighing.
This is real disaster, nobody can predict it, all people want is to see the pleasant things in front of their eyes.
This is the [will of] Heaven, what can we do with it?
We can't even suppose where the repercussions will show themselves.

==='''Student 3'''===

寄子泰輔(朴世堂, 西溪先生集卷17)

昨書爲慰, 此中僅遣, 而糧道見乏. 明日之飡, 又難得繼。
Yesterday’s letter was a comfort. In the midst of this I barely make it and the provisions seem to be short. Again I will hardly be able to tie together tomorrow’s meal.

摘得半靑櫻桃斗餘送市, 不知換幾升米。嘆咄。
Plucking up by hand I managed to get more than a peck of half green cherries and sent it to the market, not knowing how many pints of rice it trades for. Sigh.

昨日地震, 曾所未見。卽聞客說, 城中有墻塌屋壞者云. 果然耶。
Yesterday the ground shook, something I have never seen before. Right then I heard a traveller saying: “inside the city walls there are walls collapsing and houses falling .” Is it Indeed so?

尹大諫事. 轉生風浪. 不勝浩歎。災變如此. 無人念得. 只欲苟快目前。
The matter of grand master of remonstrance Yun tosses and turns our lives like wind and waves. I cannot help but sigh deeply. Disasters and catastrophes are like this. There are no people who can hope to manage it. I only wish for some happiness before my eyes right now.

此是天也. 奈何奈何? 餘波之及. 不知又在何處也
This is how the heavens are. How can we deal with it? Oh how? Reaching the lower reaches of the waves. I do not know where it is.

==='''Student 4'''===

Your last letter comforted me, I am barely making it and my food portions seem insufficient, tomorrow the difficulty might continue. I picked about half bucket of unripped cherries and sent it to market, I do not know how much rice I can get in exchange. Alas. Yesterday's earthquake is something I have never seen before. As I heard from the travellers, there are cases of the fences, towers and roofs collapsing and such inside the castle [Hanyang], is it indeed so? The matter of Yun's great remonstration creates turmoil in everybody's lives. I cannot help but sigh. In disaster such as this, that noone can predict and be aware of it, I only desire for the pleasure right in front of my eyes. This is indeed fate, what else can we do? The stormy wave is going everywhere and I donnot know where is the next place it is gonna reach.

==='''Student 5'''===

Your last letter gave me some comfort. It is hard to survive and my food portions are insufficient and tomorrow my difficulties might continue. I picked about half a bucket of unripped cherries and sent them to market, but I am not sure how much rice I can get. Oh. The earthquake yesterday was something I have never seen before. I heard from the travellers, that there are cases of the fences, towers and roofs collapsing inside the royal castle, is it indeed so? The matter of Yun's great remonstration?creates turmoil in everywhere. I can only sigh. Such disasters noone can predict and be aware of and I long just for the pleasure in front of my eyes. If such is fate, what else can we do? The stormy wave is going everywhere and I do not know where it is gonna reach next.

==='''Student 6'''===

To my son T‘aebo
Your last letter was a consolment for me. In this [letter] I am hardly passing [my days]. I see that my way of food seems to be insufficient and for tomorrow, I will get it again and keep it with hardship. I picked up a half-ripened bucket[1] of peaches and cherries and sent it to the market, but I do not know how many bags[2] of rice I can get for it. Oh dear. There was earthquake yesterday. I have not seen that before. Now I heard some traveller saying, that within the walls of the fortress, there were walls collapsing and houses crumbling. Was that indeed how it was? The matter of Yun taegun[3], he was writhing in turmoil. I could not refrain from sighing. The disaster is like that, nobody would think that it could happen, [people] just want to have good things in front of their eyes. This is, what the fate is, what can be done? Where the consequences will reach we cannot know.

[1] 斗
[2] 升
[3] 大諫

==='''Student 7'''===

(1) 寄子泰輔(朴世堂, 西溪先生集卷17) Sent to my son Taebo (Pak Sedang, Seokye seonsaengjib kweon 17)

1)昨書爲慰, 此中僅遣, 而糧道見乏핍, 明日之飡, 又難得繼。
Your last letter consoled me, I am barely passing my day here, but provisions are insufficient. Tomorrow’s diner, moreover, will be difficult to maintain.

2)摘得半靑櫻桃斗餘送市, 不知換幾升米。
I could get almost a bushel of half-green cherry that I will send to the market, I don’t know how many litter of rice will be the change.

3)嘆咄。昨日地震, 曾所未見。
Ah~. Yesterday’s earthquake, I did never see this before.

4)卽聞客說, 城中有墻塌屋壞者云, 果然耶。
Then, I heard travelers saying that in the city walls collapsed and houses are destroyed, is it indeed so?

5)尹大諫事, 轉生風浪, 不勝浩歎。
The matter of grand Master of remonstrance Yun, in turn create trouble, I cannot overcome sight.

6)災變如此, 無人念得, 只欲苟快目前。
Disasters like this, no one can conceptualize it, and [people] just want to enjoy what is in front of their eyes.

7)此是天也, 奈何奈何。餘波之及, 不知又在何處也.
If this is heaven, what can we do? The reach of this wave, I don’t know, moreover, where will be.

==='''Student 8'''===

Your last letter consoled me; as I [send you this letter], I’m passing the days as they go. I do not have enough food and, again, I don’t know if tomorrow’s rations will suffice.
I picked and gathered about a mal of half-ripped cherries that I sent to the market; I do not know how much rice I can get in exchange.
Alas.
Yesterday’s earthquake is something I have never seen before.
I heard a traveler say that within [Hanyang], there were cases of walls falling and houses being destroyed, was it indeed so? Chief Censor Yun’s act [of remonstrating] has been reborn in turmoil, I can’t help but sigh.
Consequences of disasters like this are as such: no one obtains insight. Their only desire is indeed for expediency in front of their eyes.
This, it is the will of heaven. What are we going to do, what is it going to be?
The impact of the remaining waves, once more, we don’t know [how far] it shall reach.

==='''Student 9'''===

(1) 寄子泰輔（朴世堂，西溪先生集17）

Your last letter was a consolement to me, amidst this I am barely passing my days, my rations [1] are insufficient, tomorrow's meal will be difficult to get again. I picked and gathered approximately one mal [2] of half ripe cherries and sent [them] to the market. I don’t know how many toe [3] of rice I can get in exchange. Sigh. Yesterday’s earthquake was something I had never seen. I heard a traveller saying this: inside the city walls[4] there were fences fallen, houses destroyed and other cases of the like, is it indeed so? The matter of Censor General [5] Yoon is in turn creating havoc [6], I cannot help but sigh. A disaster like this no one can conceive it, they only wish for expediencies in front of their eyes. This, this is [the will of] heaven, what can we do about it? The reach of the rest of the wave, again i wouldn’t know where it will [land].

[1] 糧道 portion of meal, ration
[2] 斗 traditional volume measurement unit
[3] 升 traditional volume measurement unit
[4] 城中 inside the city walls
[5] 大諫 censorate, censor general
[6] 風浪 turmoil, havoc

==='''Student 10'''===

寄子泰輔(朴世堂, 西溪先生集卷17)

昨書爲慰, 此中僅遣, 而糧道見乏, 明日之飡, 又難得繼。摘得半靑櫻桃斗餘送市,
不知換幾升米。嘆咄。昨日地震, 曾所未見。卽聞客說, 城中有墻塌屋壞者云,
果然耶。尹大諫事, 轉生風浪, 不勝浩歎。災變如此, 無人念得,
只欲苟快目前。此是天也, 奈何奈何。餘波之及, 不知又在何處也.
Your last letter comforts me. I barely make a living, but it is not sufficient for me to getting food. As for tomorrow’s dinner, it seems hard to get on again. I picked some pockets of unripen cherries to sell them at market, but I don’t know how much it can be exchanged by the liters of rice. Huh, There was an earthquake yesterday. It was the thing that I have not seen before. According to what traveller said, there were fallen fences and collapsed houses inside the city wall. Is that true? I cannot overcome my grief caused by what happened to Yun-Daegan, which is like turning into wind and waves. As the disaster like this, but there is no one to keep it but people just eager to get the satisfaction right in front of themselves. This accident shows what heaven means fate, then what are we going to do? I am worried about where the rest of wave reaches.

==='''Student 11'''===

昨書爲慰, 此中僅遣, 而糧道見乏, 明日之飡, 又難得繼。摘得半靑櫻桃斗餘送市, 不知換幾升米。嘆咄。昨日地震, 曾所未見。卽聞客說, 城中有墻塌屋壞者云, 果然耶。尹大諫事, 轉生風浪, 不勝浩歎。災變如此, 無人念得, 只欲苟快目前。此是天也, 奈何奈何。餘波之及, 不知又在何處也.

Your letter from yesterday relieved me, amidst this I am barely surviving, I am lacking food rations, tomorrow's meal, will be difficult to obtain too. I picked a peck of unripened berries to sell at the market, but I don't know how many pints of rice can I get in exchange. Eh. Yesterday there was an earthquake, haven't seen it before. Based on what the traveler said, there were fallen fences and collapsed houses within city walls, is this true? The issue of Censor-General Yun is also causing a storm, I can only sign heavily. A disaster like this, no one can check it, people just wish for satisfaction in front of them. This is the Heaven, what can we do about this? I have no idea where the rest of the wave will reach.

==='''Student 12'''===
Your last letter made me comfortable (consoled me), and amidst this, I am barely doing okay (barely passing my days). But it seems like there is not enough food and meal for tomorrow may continue to be difficult (as well). I picked about a mal of half-green (half ripe) cherries to the market, yet I am not sure how much rice I will be able to exchange for. Alas. Yesterday’s earthquake was a thing which I had never seen before (a degree which I had never experience before). Thus I heard a traveler say, that within the walls of Hanyang, there are cases of walls collapsing and houses falling down, and such – is this true? Censor-General Yun’s matter in turn created turmoil. Consequences of disaster are as such, and no man can conceptualize, but eager to just truly be expedient for now. This is heaven, what to do, what to do. The rest of this wave, I do not know where this would be.

[[Category:2016 Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:2016 Intermediate Training Group]]

입학도설 서 번역

2016-07-25T18:03:45Z

Hwmonica:

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=='''Gweon Geun, “Preface to the Diagrammatic Explanation for the Initiation of Learning” (Iphak doseol seo 入學圖說序)'''==

==='''Student 1'''===

In the autumn of Kyeong year of Hongwu reign I was in exile in Keummagun [Iksan].There were a couple of beginners who came to read Doctrine of the Mean and Great Learning with me. I explained it to them repeatedly yet they still could not understand it completely. Therefore I composed the diagram based on the work of master Juja and presented it to them. I also adopted teachings of the previous scholars. Then learners had more questions and I answered them all separately. These questions and answers are recorded at the end of this book as the explanation for the initiation of learning. On the side, I made diagrams for all I could do and often made my theories on groundless guessings. For the time being I am bond in exile and just wait for the days to come in the future. I want to be corrected by teachers and respectful scholars. I live in undeveloped town so there is no teacher and as I am in excile I can not leave. Hopefully the readers will be generous for me, forgive my groundless theories and just use this book for teaching.
Late coming student Kweonkeun of Yeonga [Andong] respectfully presents this carefully prepared book.

==='''Student 2'''===

In the autumn of Kyeong year of Hongwu reign I was in exile in Keummagun (Iksan).
There were a couple of beginners who came to me to read Doctrine of the Mean and Great Learning. I explained it to them repeatedly but they still couldn't understand it. Therefore I composed and showed them the diagram of master Juja.
Then learners had more questions, and I answered them all separately and put those questions and answers at the end of this book, naming it a gramatical explanation to learning. On the side, I took from other classics I can make diagrams for, and often made my theories on groundless guessings. For now I just wait for later days and that's it. I want to be corrected by teachers and respectful scholars. I live in undeveloped town so there is no teacher and as I am in excile I can not leave. Hopefully the readers will forgive my groundless theories and just use this book for teaching.
Late coming student Kweonkeun of Andong (영가) respectfully introduces this carefully prepared book.

==='''Student 3'''===

In the autumn of kyongoh year during Hongwu’s reign (1390), I was in exile in Kumma-gun, there were a couple of beginners who came to me to read the two books of Yong and Hak (Doctrine of the Mean and Great Learning), I told/explained to them repeatedly, still they were not able to completely understand. Thus based on the diagram of Master Zhou [Dunyi] and referring to the Theory of Chapters and Lines, I composed a diagram and showed it to them, and also I took teachings by worthy sages of the past, and explained with it. Learners coming from this with question, I followed them with answers, and separately recorded the words of those questions and answers, with it I added them at the end of the book and named it "Diagram Explanation for Entrance of Learning". On the side I took from other classics and overall that which can be drawn into a diagram, I made diagrams for all of them, and often I appended everywhere my ideas of groundless guesses. I wish to go to teachers and advanced scholars to get corrections as there are no advanced teachers in rural towns, yet I am bound in the registry of exiles, thus for now I only wait for later days. Hopefully one who sees/reeds this forgives unworthy words and teach this, this is my hope. Same year first day of the tenth month, Yongga’s late learner Kwon Kun writes this with respect.

==='''Student 4'''===

洪武庚午秋謫在金馬郡有一二初學輩來讀庸學二書者語之諄復尙不能通曉乃本周子之圖參
During the reign of Emperor Hongwu (1328-1398; r. 1368-1398), during the fall of year kyeongo (1390), I was in exile to the district of Keumma (actual Iksan). There is a couple of beginners who came to read the Doctrine of the Mean 中庸 and the Great Learning 大學 [with me]. I repeated my words but they still was not able to understand. Then, I joined a diagram of the basis of Master Zhou.

章句之說作圖以示又取先賢格言以釋其意學者因有所問又隨而答之仍記其問答之言以附
Explanations of the Chapters and Lines (1), I make a diagram to show it, moreover, I took the teachings of the previous sage and I explain the meaning by this. Students consequently had interrogations. Again following this, I answered. Separately I noted by supplement the words of these questions and answers.

其後名之曰入學圖說旁取他經凡可作圖者皆圖之往往各附臆見之說
After this, I named it “Diagrammatic Explanation for the Initiation of Learning”. By side, I take the heretic classics. All which are possible to make a diagram, I schematize all of them and sometimes I added for each an explication of what would be hardly to be seen.

欲就正於先生長者鄕無先進身拘謫籍姑待後日而已觀者幸恕其妄言而敎之是所望也是歲良月初吉永嘉後學權近謹題
I wish be corrected by teachers and old persons. There is no capable in the country and my body is bound in the registry of exile. I only wait few days later, then, one’s who fortunately agrees these thoughtless words and taught them. That’s my hope. The first day of the ten month of this year, in Yŏngga (actual Andong), the humbly students Kweon Keun wrote this with precaution.

(1) It may refer to the Zhong Yong zhang gou中庸章句 [Commentary on the Doctrine of the Mean] Da Xue zhang gou大學章句 [Commentary on the Great Learning].

==='''Student 5'''===

In the autumn of the kyeongo cyclic year of Hongwu’s reign [1390], I was in exile in Geumma-gun [modern Iksan area, Jeollabuk-do]. There were a couple of first-time learning students who came to read the two books [Doctrine of the Mean and the Great Learning] with me. I explained to them repeatedly; still, they could not understand it completely. Therefore, I composed a diagram based on Master Zhou [Dunyi]’s diagram and The Chapters and Verses [by Zhu Xi] and showed it to them. I also took the teachings of scholars of the past and explained the meaning with those. The learners consequently had questions, which I answered. Separately, I recorded those questions and answers and attached them at the end of the book, naming it ≪ Diagrammatic explanation for the Initiation of Learning ≫. On the side, I took the classics from which, for all those for which I could make a diagram, I did, and often times, I appended my groundless guesses. I wish for teachers and senior scholars to correct me. For there is no advanced teacher in the country and as I am restrained in the registry of exiles, for the time being I only wait for later days. It is my hope that those who shall read this forgive my ludicrous statements and use this book to teach.
This year, on the first day of the tenth month, Yeonga’s(1) late learner Gweon Geun respectfully introduces this book.

(1) Old name for Andong.

==='''Student 6'''===

2. Kweon Kun 懽近, “Preface to the Diagrammatic Explanation for the Initiation of Learning”

In the autumn of kyeongho cyclic year during Hongwo [1st Ming Emperor] reign [1390], I was in exile in Geumma-gun [modern Iksan area]. There were one or two beginning learners who came to read the two books [Doctrine of the Mean and Great learning - Zhong Yong 中庸]. I explained [the writings] to them repeatedly, still they were not able to fully understand. Therefore I composed a diagram based on the diagram of Master Zhou [1] and showed it to them.

章句之說 = > 중용장구 (中庸章句) + 대학장구 (大學章句)
(i dont know how this part fits into the translation)

Also I took the teachings of previous worthies [worthy scholars of the past] and explained my thoughts. From this the learners had more questions, accordingly I answered them. I separately recorded those questions and answers, and attached them at the end [of this book]. I named it to say “diagrammatic explanation for the initiation of learning”. On the side, I took from other classics, and I made diagrams for all those that I could. Everytime I attached my theories of groundless guesses. I wish to go to teachers and advanced scholars and be corrected. This country town has no progress. I am bound in the registry of exiles. That is why for the time being I just have to wait for later days. Hopefully the one who sees this will gracefully forgive my groundless words and teach [people with] this [book]. This is my hope.

A junior scholar [2] from Yeong Ga [old name for Andong], Kweon Keun, respectfully writes this introduction.

[1] reference to Taiji tushuo 《太極圖說》 diagram by Zhou Dunyi
[2] 後學 late coming scholar

==='''Student 7'''===

In the autumn of kyeongho cyclic year during First Emperor Hongmoo, I was exiled in Geumma-gun. There were one or two novice learners coming to read the two books. I explained them repeatedly, yet they were not able to understand completely. Hence, I composed a diagram of Master Chu Hsi and show it to them. I also took the the maxim of previous wisw men, by doing so, I tried to distangle the meaning. The learners came to have the questions and I answered them. I separately recorded the questions and answers and attached them in the back of it. I named it to say the diagram of entrance to learning. On the side, I took from the other classics that which I can make diagram for the ones that I do that. Often times, I attached of my theories with groundless guess. I want to proceed to be corrected by the teachers and scholars. There is no advancement in countryside. My body is restrained in the registry of exile. For the time being, I just wait for days. Hope that one who sees this to forgive my groundless words and teach this book. This is what I hope for.

==='''Student 8'''===

2. Kwŏn Kŭn[1] 權近, “Preface to the Diagrammatic
Explanation for the Initiation of Learning”

In fall, the year of kyŏngu, in the era of Hongwu Emperor, I was in exile in Kŭmmagun[2]. There were one or two beginners that came to read the Doctrine of the Mean and the Great Learning, the two books, [with me]. I explained them repeatedly [the two books] [but] they were still not able to understand completely. Therefore, based on the Diagram of Master Zhou[3] and referring to the explanation of changgu[4], I composed a diagram and showing it and also taking the teachings of the previous sages with it I explained my intention. The students had questions from it and I answered them accordingly. I repeatedly recorded the words of their questions and answers. Adding t to the end of this book, I named it the Diagrammatic Explanation for the Initiation of Learning. On this side I took other classics, which can be more or less drawn a diagram for everything. Often I attached my theories of groundless guessing to all [of them]. I wanted to gain knowledge and be corrected by teachers and more respected people [but] there are no advanced people in this village. I have been restrained in the registry of exile. For this reason I just wait for later days. One who sees this, will hopefully forgive the groundless words of mine and will teach it, that is what my hope is.
The first day of the tenth month in this year, the late coming student from Andong Kwŏn Kŭn, with respect.

[1] Kwŏn Kŭn
[2] Kŭmmagun 金馬郡
[3] Diagram of Master Zhou
[4] changgu

==='''Student 9'''===

Gwon Geun
Diagrams and Explanations upon Entering Learning

Gwon Geun (1352–1409) was a Korean scholar at the time of the change from the Goryeo dynasty, during which Buddhism was a prominent religion, to Joseon, during which Confucianism became official ideology. He has the greatest contribution for the distribution of the teachings of Zhu Xi in Korea and for laying the foundations of Korean Neo-Confucian ideology.
Gwon Geun was exiled in 1389 for his defense of the loyalist minister Yi Sung-in. He created “Diagrams and Explanations upon Entering Learning”(入學圖說) for some students who came with questions in 1390 while he was in exile. The aim of the book is in easier and visual way to explain the complex system of religious and philosophical doctrines coming through China in Korea.
“Diagrams and Explanations upon Entering Learning” is the oldest diagram in Korea and later Gwon Geun’s book became the basis of the works of prominent Korean litterati and served as a model in the creation of other diagrammatic explanations. Famous Toegye Yi Hwan’s “Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning”(聖學十圖), presented to the young King Seonjo to guide him in the Confucian way of kingship, quoted and adopted as a model the book of Gwon Geun.
At the beginning of the book is placed Diagram of the Great Ultimate (太極圖), showing the place of the man, the human heart and nature (心性) within the Universe. The diagram clearly presents the principles of Zhu Xi on Heaven (天), Vital energy (氣), the Five elements (五行), yin and yang (陰陽), the Five beginnings (humanity 仁, righteousness 義 propriety 禮, wisdom 智, trust 信) and the Seven emotions (joy 喜, anger 怒, grief 哀, fear 懼, love 愛, hate 惡, desire 欲).
Main part of the book take explanations of Chinese cosmological and calendar system. The location of the Sun, Moon and stars determine the years, seasons, months and days on Earth. The ruler was believed to be the main figure to implement the cosmic order on Earth.
Gwon Geun’s “Diagrams and Explanations upon Entering Learning” systematize and accessible illustrates the philosophy and religious concepts of Joseon period, which today largely determine the Korean spirituality.

==='''Student 10'''===

In the autumn of the gyeongo year of the Hongwu Emperor’s rein (1390). During the exile in the Geumma-gun (modern Iksan area, North Jeolla Province).
There were a couple of beginners who came to read two books (太學 and 中庸). I repeatedly persuade them and still they could not thoroughly understand.
Therefore based on the diagram made by Master Ju I made the diagram and let them to see it. And by this I explained the meaning [of these books].
Students asked me the questions following this [explanation] and accordantly I answered them.
I separately recorded the words of this questions and answers, I attached [the record] at the end of this book, and named it as ‘Iphaktoseol’ (‘Diagramed explanation of entrance into learning’).
On the side of this book, where the diagram can be drawn, I made diagram for all. Often I appended each my explanations of groundless guessing.
I want to be corrected by the teachers and more respectable people. I am in the village and I bound by the registry of exile, for now I just wait for later days.
If someone who sees this book gracefully moves over this groundless words of mine, and use it to teach, this is my will.
First day of the 10 [lunar] month of this year. Yeonga (Andong). To all this scholars after me.

==='''Student 11'''===
In the autumn of kyongoh year during Hongwu’s reign (1390), I was in exile in Kumma-gun, there were a couple of beginners who came to me to read the two books of Yong and Hak (Doctrine of the Mean and Great Learning), I told/explained to them repeatedly, still they were not able to completely understand. Thus based on the diagram of Master Zhou [Dunyi] and referring to the Theory of Chapters and Lines, I composed a diagram and showed it to them, and also I took teachings by worthy sages of the past, and explained with it. Learners coming from this with question, I followed them with answers, and separately recorded the words of those questions and answers, with it I added them at the end of the book and named it "Diagram Explanation for Entrance of Learning". On the side I took from other classics and overall that which can be drawn into a diagram, I made diagrams for all of them, and often I appended everywhere my ideas of groundless guesses. I wish to go to teachers and advanced scholars to get corrections as there are no advanced teachers in rural towns, yet I am bound in the registry of exiles, thus for now I only wait for later days. Hopefully one who sees/reeds this forgives unworthy words and teach this, this is my hope. Same year first day of the tenth month, Yongga’s late learner Kwon Kun writes this with respect.

==='''Student 12'''===

[[Category:2016 Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:2016 Intermediate Training Group]]

정조 윤음 번역

2016-07-25T18:02:15Z

Hwmonica: /* King Jeongjo, “Royal dictum to encourage farming” (Gweonnong yuneum 勸農綸音, 1781) */

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=='''King Jeongjo, “Royal dictum to encourage farming” (Gweonnong yuneum 勸農綸音, 1781)'''==

==='''Student 1'''===

甲戌朔/下勸農綸音于八道兩都: "王若曰,
First day of the gapsul year. A royal edict encouraging farming was sent down to the eight provinces and two secondary capitals. Thus spoke the king.

予自臨御以來, 勸農之敎, 凡幾下矣? 國之本在民, 民之本在農, 而農之勤惰, 又在蕫飭之如何。
Since I have taken up the reins of state how many times already have I sent down edicts encouraging farming? The foundation of the state lies in the people. The foundation of the people lies in farming. But the diligence and laziness of farming lies in turn in how the order and management are.

肆先王設農師、置田畯, 汲汲焉惟是之爲先務, 予其敢忽諸?
So therefore the previous king established the positions of nongsa, the teacher of farming, and jeonjun, the inspector of fields. The king was avid in this and considered the act of this as a matter of first importance . How could I dare to neglect it?

玆故每當歲首, 輒敷十行, 用飭我道臣、守令, 俾盡勸農之方, 而迄無其效何也?
It is for for this reason that each start of the year, I always spread out ten lines in order to put my provincial ministers and magistrates in order, and to make them spend their efforts in the methods of encouraging farming, but why has there been no effects up till now?

豈予愛民之誠, 未足以下孚歟? 抑長吏怠慢, 不克奉宣予德意歟? 噫!
Is the sincerity of my love for the people still not enough to be trusted those below? Or is it the case that the seniors officers are lazy and unable to deferentially promulgate my virtuous intentions? Hmm!

凡玆八方民庶, 皆予赤子也。或未免艱于食, 而塡于壑, 是憂是懼, 雖處廈氈、臨玉食, 而心未嘗一息不在于民于農。
The multitudes of people in all of the eight directions are all my newborn children. Some have still not avoided difficulties in food or have fallen in a ditch. This worries me and concerns me. Even though I live in a palace and look down on exquisite food, my heart has never been for one moment not with the people and farming.

賴天之眷佑, 一二年來雨暘不愆, 稼穡稍登. 抑未知蔀屋之生, 其盡無饑歟; 流移之氓, 其盡安集歟; 耕耘之糧, 其盡不匱, 而荒廢之土, 其盡墾闢歟。苟未盡然也, 予之憂懼, 曷敢少弛?
Relying on the care and assistance of the heavens, rain and sunlight were not delayed in recent years, while sowing and reaping increased a little. Or is it that I do not know yet about the lives of humble houses and whether they are all free from starvation; and whether the drifters have all safely collected; and whether the grains of plowing and weeding are not all lacking; and whether the rough and deserted land has all been cleared and reclaimed. If it is indeed not yet all so, how could I relax my worries even a little bit?

而凡所以救饑而懷安, 助糧而闢荒, 其責顧不在於長吏歟?
Is the responsibility of all the means with which to relieve famine, harbor peace, help the grains and reclaim neglected lands not with the senior officials?

況天心難必於屢豐, 人情易懈於稍裕.
Moreover, whereas the heart of the heavens is hardly certain after repeated abundance, human nature easily turns slothful after a little surplus.

苟不倍加蕫飭,作勞服勤, 則竊恐來秋之虞, 反有甚於前日矣。
If we do not double our efforts in orders, labor and toil, then I fear the coming fall will be more grave than the past days.

夫耕種有時, 耘耔有節。倘能不奪, 使趨其期, 而黍稷茂則喜而賞, 田不治則怒而罰, 亦必如古長吏之爲, 則民豈不競勸疾作,而庶幾其有秋乎?
It is so that plowing and sowing has its times, and weeding and hoeing earth has its seasons. If we could not deprive them and make them follow these periods, and make the grains flourish, then be happy and reward them. If the fields are not well ordered then be angry and punish them.

咨! 爾長吏, 有勤、有慢,朝廷亦宜有賞罰。今予誕諭, 其毋曰應故事, 而惕念擧行。
Alas! Among you senior officials there are those who toil and those who laze. The royal court for its part has punishments and rewards too. Now then, I have talked excessively but you should not say that I respond to past matters and keep it in mind carefully and uphold these lines.

==='''Student 2'''===

On the first day of 11th year king layed down a royal edict to encourage farming to 8 provinces and 2 capitals.

Thus the king spoke:
Since I took the throne how many times have I gave you the teaching about farming? The root of country lies in people, and farming is crucial to human existence.
The previous king established officials of farming and eagerly made it their first duty, how would I dare to neglect it?

Every time facing the beginning of the year, I spread royal messages, using them to order provinces' gubernators and encourage farming, but there is no effect, why?
Why my sincerity of loving the poeple does not gain enough confidence among citizens down below? If it is not so, is it you, senior officers, to be lazy and not illuminate my virtuous intensions?

Oh! All these people in 8 directions are like my new born babies.

Whether or not they are avoiding being deprived of food or fall into ditches - that is what concerns me, even though I reside in a royal mansion, enjoying beautiful food, but in my heart there was not even one moment when I was not with people and farming. Relying on heaven's care and help within last few years, the rain and sunlight were not delayed and the sowing and harvest extended. Perhaps we don't know about the lives of the poeple in the humble houses, whether or not they suffer starvation and if the scattered people that are drifting around would be collected and secured, whether the seed of farming would not be lacking and if the deserted land would be recultivated. If it is indeed so, it concerns me, how my words can be ignored? But if we think about the reason, does not helping starving people and embracing them, helping with crops and cultivating deserted lands lay in senior officials' responsibilities?

Moreover, we can hardly be sure of the fruitful harvest as heaven's mind can not be easily defined. The human nature can easily turn into laziness because of surplus and if we don't establish order and make people work diligently, I'm fairly concerned that coming fall will be more serious than the previous one.

==='''Student 3'''===

The first day of kapsul year. The king laid down a royal edict to encourage farming to 8 provinces and 2 capitals
Thus the king spoke:
Ever since I took the throne how many times have I announced the teaching on encouraging farming? The root of country lies in people, and the people foundation is based on farming.
The previous king established officials of farming and eagerly made it their first duty, how would I dare to neglect it?
Everytime with the beginning of the new year, I promogate royal announcements, using them to order magistrate gubernators and encourage farming. But why there is no effect of it until now? Perhaps, my sincere love for people is not enought to win get their trust. If it is not so, is it you, senior officers, that are lazy and do not fullfill my virtous intensions?
It must be so! All these people in all directions are like my newborn babies. Whether or not they avoided being deprived of food or falling into ditches - that is what concerns me, even though I reside in a royal mansion, enjoying beautiful food, in my heart there was not even one moment when I was not with people and farming. Relying on heaven's care and help within the last few years, the rain and sunlight were not delayed and the sowing and harvest extended. Perhaps we do not know about the lives in the humble houses, whether or whether they suffer starvation and if the scattered people that are drifting around would be collected and secured. Whether the seed for farming would not be lacking and if the deserted land would be recultivated. If it is indeed so, how could I relax and relieve my worries a bit? But if we think about the reason, does not helping starving people and embracing them, helping with crops and cultivating deserted lands lay in senior officials' responsibilities?
Moreover, we can hardly be sure of the fruitful harvest as heaven's mind can not be easily defined. The human nature can easily turn into laziness because of surplus and if we do not establish order and make people work diligently, I am fairly concerned that the coming fall will be more serious than the previous one.
The plowing and sowing has its times, and there is time for removing weeds and hoeing. If the senior officials could not deprive people of time and labour, make them follow farming season and if the millets will grow well, be pleased and reward them. But if the fields are not well maintained, be ferious and order punishment. You senior officials, some of you are dilligent and some neglect their responsibilities. The royal court must as well punish or reward you. If we continue like this, how can we expect that there will be harvest season? If the old practice is used to encourage officials, people could work dilligently and competevely, and we could possibly expect autumn harvest.
Today I give you guidance and do not say it only corresponds to old matters, but be focused and watchfully perform my teachings.

==='''Student 4'''===

The first month of kapsul cyclic year/
King’s edict encouraging farming was laid down to the eight provinces and two (secondary) capitals/cities [Kaeseong and Kanghwa]: “Thus King spoke, ever since I took the throne, how many times by far have I laid down the teaching of encouraging farming? State’s foundation is in the people, people’s foundation is in farming, yet diligence and laziness in farming depends on how management and orders are. Therefore, the previous king installed the inspector of farming and manager of farming, and eager about this being the foremost task, would I dare to neglect it? For this reason every time in the beginning of the year, I always spread out ten lines (royal messages), and using it to order my provincial administrators, (and) magistrates, to make them work on ways to encourage agriculture, but so far there has not been its result - why is this so? Is it perhaps the sincerity of my loving the people, is not enough thus unable to reach to the people below? Or is it that the senior officers are lazy, thus not well uphold and show my virtuous intention? Ah! These people everywhere, all are my newborns. Whether they avoid the difficulty with food, or falling into a ditch (sufferings: i.e. natural disasters), this concerned me, even though I live in the royal mansion [reference to Mongolian tent yulta] and face beautiful/fine food, there was not a moment that my heart was not with the people or with farming. Relying on heaven’s care and help, within the last couple of years rain and sun did not delay, and sowing and harvest has increased by a little, perhaps I do not know the lives in the poor houses, whether they all not suffer starvation; whether the drifters (refugees) who drift and move around, if they all have been taken care of; whether the grains for farming, they all be not lacking, and land of devastation, whether it be all cleared and cultivated. If it is indeed not yet completely so, how dare my worries could be loosened even a little bit? The means of helping the people in starvation and embracing them in comfort is by helping (them) with the crops and the cultivation of rough land, if we think about it isn’t this responsibility with the senior officers? Furthermore, the mind of the heaven we can hardly be sure of repeating abundance, human nature easily be loosened for small surplus, if we don’t add encouragement and order many times, and make people work diligently, then I fairly am afraid of the coming fall, reversely more serious than previous days. Overall, farming has its time and pulling out weeds has its seasons. If we cannot deprive them (of time and labor), and have them follow along the farming (seasons), if the millets are abundant, be pleased and award them, and if the field is not well maintained, be furious and punish them. If it surely be like the acts of the officials of the ancient times, then how can people not competitively work diligently labor, then perhaps we can expect a autumn harvest? Ah! You, senior officials, some are diligent and some are negligent, the court shall award and punish as well. Today I give you guidance, and do not say it responds to old matters, but watchfully mind it and perform it.

==='''Student 5'''===

1. King Cheongjo 正祖, “Royal dictum” (Yuneum 綸音) (1781)

First day of the /gabsul/ [1] cyclic month [King Cheongjo] laid down the royal dictum [2] encouraging farming in the 8 provinces and 2 capitals [Gaesong and Ganghwa] [3].

The king spoke thus: how many times have I laid down the teaching and encouraging of farming since taking the throne? The foundation of the state lies in the people, the foundation of the people lies in farming, and how the courts encourage and mandate the diligence and negligence of farming to the people. The previous king was eager about the establishment of /nongsa/ [4] [agriculture inspectors] and /cheonjun/ [5] [farming officials] as being the first and foremost task, would I dare to neglect it? For this reason, each time I face the beginning of the year I always spread out my edict [6] to my /doshin/ [7] [provincial ministers] and /suryeong/ [8] [magistrates] in order to enable the methods of encouraging farming fully, but so far there has been no effect, how can that be?

How is the sincerity of my love for the people not enough to gain their trust? If not it must be the /jangmi/ [9] [senior officers] who are negligent and not upholding and spreading my virtuous intention. Alas! All the many people everywhere are all my newborn children. Whether they are avoiding difficulties with food, have fallen into a ditch [10] or not, it concerns me and worries me, even though i live in the royal mansion [11] and have abundant food [12] there is not a moment my thoughts are not with the people or farming.

Relying on the heavens care and help, these last few years the rain and sunlight were not delayed, the sowing and harvest slightly increased. Or perhaps is that I do not know yet about those of humble houses and whether they are free from hunger, whether the drifters have been safely collected [and brought back to their feet], whether the grains for farming are lacking, and whether the rough deserted land has all been cleared and recultivated. If it is indeed all not so, as king how can my worries be lessened, even by a little bit? The way to help the hungry and embrace them in comfort, is to help the crops and clear and re-cultivate the rough earth, if we think about this does the responsibility of this not lie on the senior officers? Moreover, whereas the heart of the heavens is certain with difficulty after repeated abundance [13], people’s nature easily becomes lax after a small surplus.

Indeed if we do not increase our encouragements so that they may exert more labour and work, then I fear the coming fall will be more severe than the previous times. There are times for plowing and sowing, and weeding has it’s own season too. If the senior officer cannot deprive the people [of their time and labour] and make them observe the required farming seasons, if the rice [14] is abundant and growing well be pleased and reward them. If the fields are not well maintained show anger and give punishment.

Alas! You senior officers,there maybe be diligence, there may be negligence [whichever the case may be], [you] will be punished and rewarded by the courts as well. Today I give you teachings, do not say they merely correspond to old matters but watchfully keep [them] in mind and perform [the duties].

[1] Pre-modern texts were based on the traditional Korean calendar kapja (甲子) which is a lunisolar calendar, derived from the Chinese calendar. It consists of ten heavenly stems cheongan (天干) combined with twelve earthly branches jiji (地支), which form a sixty year cycle.
[2] 綸音 (allusion referring to the King’s speech which comes out like “silk”) Royal dictum, royal edict.
[3] Kaesong the capital of Goryeo and Ganghwa the secondary capital, which acted as a refuge for the royal family during mongol invasions.
[4] 農師 farming inspector
[5] 田畯 farming official
[6] 十行 Imperial or royal message
[7] 道臣 provincial minister
[8] 守令 magistrate
[9] 長史 senior officer
[10] 塡于壑 “fall into a ditch” allusion, figurative suffering.
[11] 廈氈 royal mansion
[12] 玉食 food served in jade plates
[13] 屢豐 repeated good harvest, repeated abundance
[14] 黍 millet. Commonly grown grain at the time

==='''Student 6'''===

甲戌朔/下勸農綸音于八道兩都:
1) The first day of the month kapsul 甲戌, the king laid down and his speech encourage the farming to the eight province and the two capitals.

"王若曰,予自臨御以來, 勸農之敎, 凡幾下矣?
2) The king spoke this: ‘From the time I face up to governing, the teaching of encourage the farming, by far how many times I have been laying down?’

國之本在民, 民之本在農, 而農之勤惰, 又在蕫飭之如何。
3) The State’s basis is in the people; the people’s root is in farming, but, they encourage the laziness of farming, moreover, how the management and commandment are like.

肆先王設農師、置田畯, 汲汲焉惟是之爲先務, 予其敢忽諸?
4) Therefore the last king instituted the Nongsa 農師 (Farming teacher); then he established the Chŏnju 田畯(1), he was eager to do only this as his duty, how can I dare to neglect this?

玆故每當歲首, 輒敷十行, 用飭我道臣、守令, 俾盡勸農之方, 而迄無其效何也?
5) For this reasons, every time in the beginning the year, I always spread out ten lines, making it observe to the governors of provinces, to the magistrate of district (2). That I do my best for the provinces’ encouragement farming. However, until now, how there is no results?

豈予愛民之誠, 未足以下孚歟?
6) How the sincerity of my loving people, is still insufficient by laying down?

抑長吏怠慢, 不克奉宣予德意歟?
7) If is not, [that] bureaucrats are negligent and do not well expose my virtue and intention?

噫! 凡玆八方民庶, 皆予赤子也。
8) He! All the people of the eight directions, they are my newborn babies.

或未免艱于食, 而塡于壑, 是憂是懼, 雖處廈氈、臨玉食, 而心未嘗一息不在于民于農。
9) Maybe they do not avoid difficulties in food, and fill in in the gutter, this love, this fear, even though I live in a leather tent (royal mansion), facing a noble food, there is no instant when my spirit is not about people, is not about farming.

賴天之眷佑, 一二年來雨暘不愆, 稼穡稍登, 抑未知蔀屋之生, 其盡無饑歟; 流移之氓, 其盡安集歟; 耕耘之糧, 其盡不匱, 而荒廢之土, 其盡墾闢歟。
10) Rely on the kind help of the Heaven, the last couple of years the coming rain and sunlight does not delay, sowing and reaping rose a little, Perhaps I do not know yet the life of poor grass hut, whether they are completely not in starvation; people who are circulating and moving (refugee), whether they are entire collected in security; whether the grain of agriculture, they are completely not insufficient, and the desolate ground, whether they are completely cultivated and developed.

苟未盡然也, 予之憂懼, 曷敢少弛? 而凡所以救饑而懷安, 助糧而闢荒, 其責顧不在於長吏歟?
11) Indeed if this is not so, my worries, can I let them be loosen. And, for all these reasons saving from starvation and embracing stability, helping grains and developing uncultivated land, the duty of looking back is not in senior official (3).

況天心難必於屢豐, 人情易懈於稍裕, 苟不倍加蕫飭,作勞服勤, 則竊恐來秋之虞, 反有甚於前日矣。
12) Moreover, Heaven’s mind is hardly sure of year of abundance, human essence is easily lazy for a small surplus. Really, if we not work twice as hard to manage and command, and (do not) make them work with devotion, then I fear of the expected coming autumn, perhaps it will be more serious than some time ago.

夫耕種有時, 耘耔有節。倘能不奪, 使趨其期, 而黍稷茂則喜而賞, 田不治則怒而罰, 亦必如古長吏之爲, 則民豈不競勸疾作, 而庶幾其有秋乎?
13) As you know, plowing the seed has its time, picking weeds out of and springing up has its season. Perhaps, they are able to not take it, make them follow the farming times, if the millet is abundant then be pleased and praised them. If the field is not cultivate, then show anger and punish them. Moreover you must do like the Seniors Officials of the antiquity, then how do the people not vie with one another and work diligent?

咨! 爾長吏, 有勤、有慢, 朝廷亦宜有賞罰。今予誕諭, 其毋曰應故事, 而惕念擧行。
14) Oh! You, seniors officials, there are those who toil, there are those who idle. The Court should also to have praise and punishment. Now, I give your guidance, do not say it is corresponding to old matters, and think carefully and hold up my lines.

(1) Archaic titles from Zhou dynasty linked to the myth of foundation of this dynasty.
(2) Translation from the RHAC of Maurice Courant ref. 896.
(3) Translation from the DOTIC of Charles Hucker ref. 153.

==='''Student 7'''===

First day of the gapsul (cyclic) year. A royal edict encouraging farming was laid down and sent to the eight provinces and two [secondary] capitals [Kaesong and Kanghwa]. Thus the king spoke:
"Ever since I took the throne, how many times already have I laid down teachings encouraging farming? The foundation of the state lies in the people. The foundation of the people lies in farming. However the diligence and laziness of farming lie in turn in how management and orders are. Therefore, the previous king established the positions of inspector of farming and manager of farming; the king was eager in considering this of the utmost importance, how could I neglect it?
It is for this reason that every time, in the beginning of the year, I always spread out ten lines (royal messages) and use it to order my provincial administrators [and] magistrates to make them spend their effort on ways to encourage agriculture, [but] until now there has not been any result, why is it? Is it that my sincerity of my loving the people is not enough [and thus] not enough to gain confidence from those below? Or is it caused by the laziness of the elderly government officials not upholding to illuminate my virtue of intention? Ah! All people in all eight directions, all are my newborns. Whether they avoided difficulties with food or not, their falling into a ditch(1) worries me and concerns me. Despite my being in the finest yurt(2) [and] my food in jade utensils my heart has never for a moment not been with the people or with the farming. Relying on heaven’s care and help, within the last couple of years rain and sunlight did not delay, thus the sowing and harvest went up a little. Perhaps I do not know the lives of the humble houses, do they all not suffer starvation? The drifting and moving people, are they all collected? The grains of farming, are they all not lacking? Are the deserted lands cleared and cultivated? Indeed, if it is not all so, how can my worries be loosened even a bit? The means to save the people from starvation and embrace them in comfort is to help harvesting and cultivating the lands, if you think about it, this responsibility is with the senior officials, isn’t it? Moreover, the mind of the heaven is unknown and we can hardly trust in repeated abundance, human nature easily turns idle after a little surplus. If we don’t multiply in our encouragements and orders to make people work diligently, then I am fairly afraid that the results of the coming fall will be more serious than the previous days. There are times for plowing and sowing, and weeding and hoeing earth has its season. If the senior officers are able to not deprive the people [of their time and labour] and make them follow along the required time for farming, if the millets are abundant, then be pleased and reward them. If the fields are not well maintained, show anger and punish them. Alas! Among you senior officers, some may be diligent, some may be negligent. They shall be punished and rewarded by the court as well. Today I give you guidance, do not say that it just abides by old matters but watchfully mind [it] and perform."

==='''Student 8'''===

In Kapsul cyclic year, King lays down Royal dictum for encouraging farming: Reverend King says, “Since the time of my throne, how many times have I lay down the teaching of encouraging farming? People’s foundation is in farming. Moreover, the diligence and laziness are in farming. However, they depends on what the encouragement is alike. The late king, Youngjo established the status of the teacher of farming and inspector of fields. He was eager to do this because it should be the foremost task. How could I dare to neglect it? Everytime encountering the beginning of the year, I lay out ten lines of royal encouragement messages to put my provincial magistrates and governers to make them work on ways to encourage farming. However, it is not effective until now. What’s up with that? Perhaps my love for the people is not sincere enough to gain trust. Otherwise, the senior officer is lazy, so he cannot uphold to make illuminate my virtue of intention. Alas! Every people from all directions are my people. Whether or not, they are afraid of being deprived of food. It makes me concerned. Even though I live in royal mansion, facing beautiful food, I never have had a moment not with people, nor with farming. As relying on heaven’s care and help, rain and sunlight has not been delayed since a year or two ago during an increasing of sowing and reaping. I do not know that the lives of humblest houses are suffered from starvation and whether there is no starvation; whether the refugees are drifting around, whether the seed of grains of farming are securely collected, the tough land are recultivated, if it were not so, how could my feelings be loosened? Therefore, the duty of relieving the starvation and embrace the people and recultivating the rough field lies on senior official. Moreover, heaven’s heart does not make sure of repeating the short of abundance. Human nature could easily loosen after the small surplus. If not adding multiple times to make people work diligently, then I am very much worried about coming fall that its concerns might be more serious than the previous years. On the whole, it has the time to rooting out weeds and removing weeds. If one do not take away the time and make people observe farming, so when the melots are growing well, be pleases or reward them, but if the field is not cultivated, show anger and treat them as what has done to the senior official. If this has done successfully, why would’t do the people competively exert themselves being hurry to work and as a result of that, fall harvest may be expected. Alas! the government will give an award and punishment according to your diligence and negligence. Today, what I give you the guidance, you should not say that it just corresponds to old matters and watchfully mind to perform it.”

==='''Student 9'''===

1. King Chŏngjo[1] 正祖, “Royal dictum”(Yunŭm 綸音) (1781)

On the first day of the month kapsul, [the king] laid down the edict on encouraging farming in eight provinces and two capitals[2]:
“Thus the king spoke. From the time I took the throne, by far how many times I laid down the instructions in encouraging the farming? The root of the state stays in people, the root of the people stays in agriculture and their diligence and laziness in farming again lies with how the encouragement and orders are like. Therefore the previous king established the inspector of nongsa[3] and chŏnchun[4]. [He] was eager to make only this becoming the first duty. Could I dare neglect it? For ths reason, everytime facing the beginning of the year, I promulgated royal announcements, using it to order my provincial ministers and magistrates to have them exhaust the ways of encouraging of farming but how come that sofar there is no effect until now? Perhaps my sincerity of loving poeple has not been sufficient to be trusted [among the people]. Or is it that the senior officials are lazy and do not uphold well and spread my virtuous intentions? Pfff. All these people in eight directions they are my new-borns. Perhaps they have not avoided being deprived of food or falling into ditches, that makes me worried, albeit living in a mansion and facing beautiful food, in my heart there has never been a moment without people or farming. Relying on the care and help of Heaven, in the last couple of years, rain or sunlight did not skip. Sawing and harvest went up gradually. Perhaps I do not know about the lives in humble houses, if there is no starvation in them all? [If when] drifting and moving of people, should they all be safely collected? If the seeds of farming are they all enough, and if the rough and deserted land should be cleared and cultivated? If everything is not indeed so, how would I dare loosen my concerns even a bit? The way, how to help the starving people and embrace them in comfort, is to help the seeds and to cultivate the deserted land. Should I look back whether the responsibility does not lie with the senior officials? Moreover, the mind of the Heaven we can hardly be sure of a repeating abundance. The human nature is easily to get relaxed for a little surplus. If we indeed do not add encouragement and order multiple times and make people work diligently, I my worries of the coming fall would be on the contrary more serious that in the previous days. So, ploughing and sowing has its time, weeding had its own season. If we cannot take away and make the people to follow the time of farming, if the millet is growing well together, be pleased and reward them. If the field is not cultivated, show anger and punish them. Certainly like the at times of senior officials of the antiquity, how would people not compete and work diligently and perhaps there would be a harvest in fall, would not it? Oh you, senior officials, there will be diligence, there will be negligence. Officials in charge must be also rewarded or punished. Today I gave you lessons. Do not say that it just corresponds the old matters and be focused to perform it.”

[1] King Chŏngjo
[2] Two capitals
[3] nongsa 農師
[4] chŏnchun 田畯

==='''Student 10'''===
Royal dictum of king Chongjo[1]

In the first day of the year Kapsul (甲戌|갑술|1781), king Chongjo (正祖|정조) descended a dictum to the eight provinces and two capitals[2] for promoting the land farming:
“Since I ascended to the throne, how many times I tried to promote the development of the farming! The foundation of the state is the people. The foundation of the people is the land. The diligence and negligence of farming the land depends on how the rules are applied.
The previous king established the titles of nongsa and chonjun[3], because he looked at the farming as a priority. So how someone dare to don’t follow it!
Every time at the beginning of the year I descend ten lines dictum[4] to my provincial officials and to my governors to make them do their best for encouraging the farming, but till now I can not see the results and now I am asking myself why! Maybe my love to the people is not deep enough and my wish can not reach them? Or maybe my high officials are too lazy in spreading my virtual will? Oh! But I love all my subjects in all eight directions as my sons!
I don’t know if my people are hungry or homeless and that makes me worried. Although I am living in a palace and enjoy jade food[5], in my heart there has never been a moment without people and farming. Heaven gave us last couple of years rain and sun on time, sawing and harvest went up gradually. But however I am not sure about the lives in humble houses, if there is no starvation in them? And what about people without home and land, are they collected in safe?
If the seeds of farming are enough and the rough deserted land is cleared and cultivated, how would I dare loosen my concerns even a bit? The way to help the starving people and embrace them in comfort is to help the seeds and cultivate the deserted land. So I should look back whether the responsibility does not lie with my senior officials? The will of the Heaven can hardly be sure of a repeating abundance. The human nature is easily to get relaxed for a little surplus, but if we indeed do not add encouragement and order multiple times and make people work diligently, worries of the coming fall would be on the contrary more serious that in the previous days. So, cultivating and sowing has its time, weeding had its own season. If we cannot make the people to follow the farming time, if the millet is growing well together, be pleased and reward them. If the field is not cultivated, show anger and punish them. At the old times of senior officials, people competed and worked diligently. If we do the same, perhaps there would be a harvest in fall. Oh you, my senior officials, there will be diligence, there will be negligence. Officials in charge must be also rewarded or punished. Today I gave you lessons. Do not say that it just corresponds the old matters and be focused to perform it.”

1 Annals of king Chongjo, volume 11, year Kapsul - fifth year of reign, first month, first day (正祖實錄卷11, 正祖 5年 1月 1日甲戌 1).
2 In the past Korea has had more than one capital and the number varies in different periods. During the reign of King Chongjo, capitals were Kaison and Kanghwa.
3 Literary nongsa (農師|농사) means “official, responsible for the farming” and chonjun (田畯|전준) – “person in charge of fields”.
4 Ten lines dictum (十行|십행) – well established at that time form of writing the royal orders.
5 Jade is a symbol of the king and “jade food” means “royal food”.

==='''Student 11'''===

The Royal dictum of the King Chongjo
In the first day of the year gabsul [king] lowered a dictum to the eight provinces and two secondary capitals for promoting the agriculture: “Since I took the throne, how many times I tried to promote the development of the agriculture!
The foundation of the state is the people, the foundation of the people is the land. The diligence and the negligence of the farming depend on how the rules are applied.
There for the previous King established the titles of nongsa (agriculturist) and chonsoo (manager of the land, refers to 周禮). He made it in a harry and looked at this task as a priority, so how someone dare to neglect this?
For this reason every time in the beginning of the year I spread my royal dictum to my provincial officials and governors to make them do their best for promoting the agriculture, but I don’t see the result of it, and I am asking why?
Maybe my love to people is not deep enough and my wish cannot reach them? Or maybe my senior officials are lazy and don’t spread my virtual intentions among the people?
Oh! But my people in all 8 directions are all my children, and if they do not have enough food, and suffer, this is sad and warring. Though I live in the royal mansion, eat royal food, and my heart is always with my people and agriculture.
I rely of the Heavens care and help. Last two years sunlight and rains came without delay. We saw and reaped and harvest grew up well. But I don’t know if there are some poor houses emerged, that are starving; and if there are some refuges, who left their houses and should be gathered safely [to settle again]; and if there is a shortage of grains, that was ploughed and weeded; and if there is waste land which should be brought under cultivation. If it is not all so, How can I be relaxed even for a little?
Gathering and making [people] comfort and relaxed, help with grains and recultivation of waste land are all the responsibility of officials, aren’t they?
The will of the Heaven hardly [means] the repeat of the year of abundance. The human nature can be easily relaxed by the small surplus. And If we don’t put order many times, work in the field and in the office, than I’m afraid, that the next autumn may become serious [problem], much worthier, than previous.
Ploughing and sowing – all have its own time, weeding and seeding – all have its end. If we do not make them (people) to observe the time [for farming], reward them when the millet is raised well, and show anger and fine them if the field is not ruled well, as it should be as the acts of the officials of the old times, How can we expect an autumn harvest?
Oh! You, my senior officials, for [all your] diligence and for [all your] negligence will be rewarded or punished as well.
Today I am giving you [this] guidance do not say it corresponds old matters, and keep it in your mind and perform it.

==='''Student 12'''===

The first month of kapsul cyclic year/
King’s edict encouraging farming was laid down to the eight provinces and two (secondary) capitals/cities [Kaeseong and Kanghwa]: “Thus King spoke, ever since I took the throne, how many times by far have I laid down the teaching of encouraging farming? State’s foundation is in the people, people’s foundation is in farming, yet diligence and laziness in farming depends on how management and orders are. Therefore, the previous king installed the inspector of farming and manager of farming, and eager about this being the foremost task, would I dare to neglect it? For this reason every time in the beginning of the year, I always spread out ten lines (royal messages), and using it to order my provincial administrators, (and) magistrates, to make them work on ways to encourage agriculture, but so far there has not been its result - why is this so? Is it perhaps the sincerity of my loving the people, is not enough thus unable to reach to the people below? Or is it that the senior officers are lazy, thus not well uphold and show my virtuous intention? Ah! These people everywhere, all are my newborns. Whether they avoid the difficulty with food, or falling into a ditch (sufferings: i.e. natural disasters), this concerned me, even though I live in the royal mansion [reference to Mongolian tent yulta] and face beautiful/fine food, there was not a moment that my heart was not with the people or with farming. Relying on heaven’s care and help, within the last couple of years rain and sun did not delay, and sowing and harvest has increased by a little, perhaps I do not know the lives in the poor houses, whether they all not suffer starvation; whether the drifters (refugees) who drift and move around, if they all have been taken care of; whether the grains for farming, they all be not lacking, and land of devastation, whether it be all cleared and cultivated. If it is indeed not yet completely so, how dare my worries could be loosened even a little bit? The means of helping the people in starvation and embracing them in comfort is by helping (them) with the crops and the cultivation of rough land, if we think about it isn’t this responsibility with the senior officers? Furthermore, the mind of the heaven we can hardly be sure of repeating abundance, human nature easily be loosened for small surplus, if we don’t add encouragement and order many times, and make people work diligently, then I fairly am afraid of the coming fall, reversely more serious than previous days. Overall, farming has its time and pulling out weeds has its seasons. If you are able not to deprive them (of time and labor), and have them follow along the farming (seasons), if the millets are abundant, [I will] be pleased and award them, and if the field is not well maintained, [I will] be furious and punish them. If it surely be like the acts of the officials of the ancient times, then how can people not competitively work diligently labor, then perhaps we can expect a autumn harvest? Ah! You, senior officials, some are diligent and some are negligent, the court shall award and punish as well. Today I give you guidance, and do not say it responds to old matters, but watchfully mind it and perform it.

[[Category:2016 Hanmun Workshop]]
[[Category:2016 Intermediate Training Group]]